AI in the era of large language models: current state, applications, limitations, and future

Published: December 5, 2025
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Have you noticed how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has suddenly shifted from sci-fi movies to our daily text messages? Today, tools like ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini allow us to chat, create, and solve problems as if talking to a knowledgeable friend. But what exactly are these Large Language Models (LLMs), and are they equivalent to AI? This article demystifies how AI has entered a new era of "Daily Conversation", guides you through its powerful applications and risks, and finally looks ahead to a future of AI. Are you ready to dance with AI? Let's find out what these super digital brains really are!

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Citations

Das BC, Amini MH, Wu Y (2025). Security and privacy challenges of large language models: A survey. ACM Comput Surv 57:1-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3712001
European Commission (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain union legislative acts. 2021. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206
Zamfirescu-Pereira JD, Wong RY, Hartmann B, Yang Q (2023). Why Johnny can’t prompt: how non-AI experts try (and fail) to design LLM prompts. Proc. 2023 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, Association for Computing Machinery; 2023. pp. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581388
Zhang Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Cheung YM (2025). Trending applications of large language models: a user perspective survey. IEEE Trans Artif Intell. Online Ahead of Print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAI.2025.3620272

How to Cite

Zhang, Y., & Cheung, Y.- ming. (2025). AI in the era of large language models: current state, applications, limitations, and future. Proceedings of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 4. https://doi.org/10.4081/peasa.68