Academic Engagement Open access

The ancient DNA of the N.E. Mediterranean/Euro-Asian cultures and the position of the Mycenaean Greeks among the first cultures

Authors

  • Ioannis Liritzis Corresponding author Email Editor-in-Chief of PEASA, Dean of Class IV (Natural Sciences) European Academy of Sciences & Arts, Salzburg, Austria.
Published
August 29, 2022
Section
Academic Engagement

Abstract

Alerted by a trio of papers that appear in the journal SCIENCE today (26th August 2022) I present briefly the essential findings with some extension on the hot subject of ancient DNA studies over all the World but mainly the SE Mediterranean and Euro-Asian neighborhood. These three papers summarize the results of a remarkable Ancient DNA project and involving 202 co-authors. These studies draw on published archaeogenetic records and new DNA analysis of 727 individuals who lived during the Copper and Bronze Ages. These people populated the “Southern Arc,” a swath of land connecting Europe to West Asia through Anatolia including coastal Levant. The findings are critically discussed in the wider frame of aDNA results, the migration and mobilities for the past about 8000 years ago and linked with the non-linear evolution processes of ancient cultures. Particular emphasis here is given to the 2016 expedition at the Late Helladic site of Kastrouli near Delphi in Greece, that contribute to these studies.

References

  1. Botz-Bornstein, T (2012) What is the difference between culture and civilization? Two hundred fifty years of confusion. Comparative Civilizations Rev 66-4.
  2. Broodbank, C. (2008) The Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades. In: Shelmerdine CW, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.003
  3. Cornell, T. J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome- Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). New York: Routledge.
  4. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. (1994) The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press.
  5. Pashou, P, Drineas, P, Yannaki, E (2014). Maritime Route of Colonization of Europe. P Natl Acad Sci USA 111: 9211–9216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320811111
  6. Kristiansen, K (2022) Archaeology and the Genetic Revolution in European Prehistory. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009228701
  7. Laskaris, N, Sampson,A, Mavridis, F, and Liritzis, I (2011) Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene seafaring in the Aegean: new obsidian hydration dates with the SIMS-SS method. J Archaeolog Sci 38:2475-2479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.019
  8. Lazaridis, I Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S, Acar, A, Açıkkol, A, Agelarakis, A, Aghikyan, L, et al. (2022a) The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 377:eabm4247.
  9. Lazaridis, I Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S, Acar, A, Açıkkol, A, Agelarakis, A, Aghikyan, L, et al. (202 authors) (2022b). A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia. Science 377:940–951.
  10. Lazaridis, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S, Acar, A, Açıkkol, A, Agelarakis, A, Aghikyan, L, et al. (2022c). Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct pre-pottery and pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia. Science 377:982–987.
  11. Lazaridis, I. Mittnik, A, Patterson, N, Mallick, S, Rohland, N, Pfrengle, S, et al. (2017). Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548:214-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23310
  12. Levy, T.E., T. Sideris, M. Howland, B. Liss, G. Tsokas, A. Stambolidis, et al. (2018). At-Risk World Heritage, Cyber, and Marine Archaeology: The Kastrouli–Antikyra Bay Land and Sea Project, Phokis, Greece. In: T.E. Levy, I.W.N. Jones (eds.), Cyber-Archaeology and Grand Narratives, One World Archaeology. Springer, Cham; p. 143-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65693-9_9
  13. Liritzis, I., (2013). Twelve thousand years of non-linear cultural evolution: The physics of chaos in archaeology. SYNESIS: a journal of science, technology, ethics and policy, G19-31
  14. Liritzis, I, Westra, A and Changhong, M (2019) Disaster GeoArchaeology and Natural Cataclysms in World Cultural Evolution: An Overview. J Coast Res 35:1307-1330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00035.1
  15. Sideris, A, Liritzis, I (2018). The Mycenaean site of Kastrouli, Phokis, Greece: second excavation season, July 2017. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18:209-224.
  16. Liritzis, I., Polymeris, G., Vafiadou, A., Sideris, A., Levy, T.E (2018). Luminescence dating of stone wall, tomb and ceramics of Kastrouli (Phokis, Greece) Late Helladic settlement: case study. J Cultural Heritage 35:76-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.07.009
  17. Mainzer, K. (2006). Complexity in nature and society: complexity management in the age of globalization. Complexus Mundi, pp. 113-133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812774217_0010
  18. Mazlish, Β. (1998). The uncertain sciences. Yale University Press.
  19. Meier-Brugger, M. (2013). Indo-European linguistics. De Gruyter.
  20. Petropoulos, E.K. (2003). Problems in the history and archaeology of the Greek colonization in the Black Sea. In: Grammenos D.V. & E. K. Petropoulos, Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea, Thessaloniki. 17-92.
  21. Prigogine, Ι. (1980). From being to becoming: Time and complexity in physical sciences. San Francisco: Freeman.
  22. Rouard, X. (2022). Did Indo-European languages stem from a Trans-eurasian original language? an interdisciplinary approach. Sci Culture 8:15-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1645
  23. Sideris, A, Ioannis Liritzis, Βrady Liss, Matthew D. Howland, Thomas E. Levy (2017) At-risk cultural heritage: new excavations and finds from the Mycenaean site of Kastrouli, Phokis, Greece. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 17:271-285.
  24. Silva, N.M., Kreutzer, S., Souleles, A., et al. (2022). Ancient mitochondrial diversity reveals population homogeneity in Neolithic Greece and identifies population dynamics along the Danubian expansion axis. Sci Rep 12:13474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16745-8
  25. von Weizsäcker C.F. (1971) The unity of nature. New York,1980 (first published 1971 in German).
  26. Westra, A.J.D., Miao, C., Liritzis, I and Stefanakis, M (2022) Disasters and Society: Comparing the Shang and Mycenaean Response to Natural Phenomena through Text and Archaeology. Quaternary 5:33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/quat5030033

Metrics

Citations and online attention from Dimensions, Altmetric and PlumX.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.